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Grammar and Poetry in Late Medieval and Early Modern Wales

The Transmission and Reception of the Welsh Bardic Grammars

Contains the only full published English translation of the medieval Welsh bardic grammars and offers insight into the development of Welsh bardic and scholarly practices over two centuries.

The medieval Welsh bardic grammars were composed and transmitted during a period of intense social and political change in Wales. These documents began their life as essentially vernacular artes poetriae. However, from the early fourteenth century to the end of the sixteenth, they were recopied and revised over and over by bards, bureaucrats, antiquarians, humanists, and the readers and reciters of poetry. Grammar and Poetry in Late Medieval and Early Modern Wales: The Transmission and Reception of the Welsh Bardic Grammars weaves a close textual analysis of these revisions into a broader consideration of the historical contexts that gave rise to each subsequent version. It grants English-speaking scholars who wish to work comparatively with Welsh material access to these texts for the first time. Based on extensive archival research, this book contains transcriptions and translations of a great deal of material that has not previously appeared in any publication.

344 pages | 5.43 x 8.5 | © 2024

History: British and Irish History

Language and Linguistics: General Language and Linguistics

Literature and Literary Criticism: British and Irish Literature


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Reviews

This is a ground-breaking volume. It advances our understanding of these important grammatical texts from medieval Wales in many ways, particularly to demonstrate that the neglected later versions have been modified by contact with contemporary grammatical scholarship in England. This volume is required reading for all those interested in these intellectual developments in this period.

Paul Russell, Professor of Celtic emeritus, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge

In this first thoroughgoing assessment of the Welsh bardic grammars in more than a generation, Jacques shows us that the grammars from the outset represent active, intentional engagement with the Latin grammatical tradition, mined for tools suitable to accurate description of the Welsh language. Over the course of time, the grammars were revised, abridged, updated and excerpted to serve audiences ranging from beginning readers, to the literate elite, to poets, to performers, in an ongoing dynamic process adapting them to the cultural needs of each historical moment in turn.

Catherine McKenna, Margaret Brooks Robinson Professor of Celtic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University

This is a book for which we have been waiting a very long time. It is a compelling study of the medieval Welsh grammatical tradition from the earliest texts to the Renaissance – a huge achievement in itself. What is more, Jacques has added to that achievement the inestimable service of providing the first full, scholarly English translation of any of the Welsh bardic grammars. I am confident that we will see a great resurgence of interest in these fascinating texts as a result of the present study.

Professor Barry Lewis, School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies

Table of Contents

List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgements

Introduction
I.Background
Latin and Vernacular Grammar
Latin and Bardic Education

II.The Bardic Grammars
Authorship
Date
Content
Versions
Manuscripts
III.This Book

Chapter 1: A Welsh ars poetriae
I.Order of Composition
II.Latin Context
III.The Peniarth 20 Revision

Chapter 2: Tools for Reading
I.Literate Orientation and Archaism
II.Grammatica and Scientia Interpretandi
III.The Vernacular Canon
IV.The Readers and Reciters of Poetry

Chapter 3: ‘Bardic’ Grammars
I.Cynghanedd
Peniarth 126
Llanstephan 55
Peniarth 161
II.Syllables and Diphthongs
Bangor 1
Peniarth 189
Llanstephan 55
III.Evidence from the Poetic Corpus

Chapter 4: Official Documents
I.The Eisteddfodau and the Statute of Gruffudd ap Cynan
II.Artificial Abbreviations
III.Cerdd Dafod and Cerdd Dant

Chapter 5: Bardic Humanism
I.Bards and Humanists
II.Salesbury’s Books and Lily’s Grammar
III.Renaissance Rhetoric
IV.The Return Ad Fontes

Conclusion

Appendix: Translation of the Red Book of Hergest
Notes on the translation

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